What did it mean to be part of the ancient people called Yehudim? In this session, we will explore a fascinating historical debate: Were they “Judeans” – a group defined by their homeland, Judea – or were they “Jews” – defined by a shared, abstract faith we now call Judaism? We will examine why the Second Temple period became the critical turning point for this identity crisis, how it differed from the eras before and after it, and how this deep tension fueled the fierce internal conflicts that defined the age. 

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